BIBLIOGRAPHY



By

Ian M. Townson




Oxford Forestry Institute,
Department of Plant Sciences,
University of Oxford,
South Parks Road
Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK.
Tel: (0865) 275145
Fax: (0865) 275074











This bibliography contains items identified during the
preparation of the attached Working Paper.   As that study
builds on earlier work, in particular two studies carried out
in the mid-1980s, [note 1] the selection of documents
presented here concentrates on material published after 1986. 
It also reflects the range of libraries and institutions
accessible to the compiler, which were principally those in
the United Kingdom.



[Note 1.  FAO.  1987.  SMALL-SCALE FOREST-BASED PROCESSING
ENTERPRISES.  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations Forestry Paper 79.  Rome, Italy.

FALCONER, J., AND J. E. M. ARNOLD.  1989.  HOUSEHOLD FOOD
SECURITY AND FORESTRY: AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES. 
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations,
Forests, Trees and People, Community Forestry Note 1.  Rome,
Italy.] 




Abbot, P.  1991.  "Household Economic Theory and the
Development of Smallholder Forestry Practices in Malawi.  MSc.
thesis, University of Aberdeen, Forest Resource Studies,
United Kingdom.

Abd-Latif, M.  1987.  RATTAN PROCESSING INDUSTRIES.  Forest
Research Institute of Malaysia (FRIM) Technical Information 1. 
Kepong, Malaysia.

Abd-Rauf, S.  1982.  "A Financial Appraisal of Rattan Manau
("Calamus manan") Cultivation at the Bukit Belala Forest
Reserve."  THE MALAYSIAN FORESTER 45(4):576-82.

Abdel-Fadil, M.  1992.  ON THE DYNAMICS OF THE INTERFACE
BETWEEN FORMAL AND INFORMAL ECONOMIES IN LDCS.  Institute of
Development Studies (IDS) Discussion Paper 301.  University of
Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom.

Addo, S. T.  1990.  "The Transportation Factor in Woodfuel
Distribution in Ghana."  THE JOURNAL OF MANAGEMENT STUDIES
3(6):1-12.

Aiken, S. R., and C. H. Leigh.  1992.  VANISHING RAIN FOREST,
THE ECOLOGICAL TRANSITION IN MALAYSIA.  Oxford, United
Kingdom: Clarendon Press.

Alcorn, J. B.  1985.  "Development Policy, Forests and Peasant
Farmers: Reflections on Huastec-managed Forests' Contributions
to Commercial Production and Resource Conservation." ECONOMIC
BOTANY 38:389-406.

Allegretti, M. H.  1990.  "Extractive Reserves: An Alternative
for Reconciling Development and Environmental Conservation in
Amazonia."  In A. B. Anderson, ed.,  ALTERNATIVES TO
DEFORESTATION: STEPS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE USE OF THE AMAZON
RAIN FOREST.  New York:  Columbia University Press.

Anderson, A. B.  1987.  "Management of Native Palm Forests: A
Comparison of Case Studies in Indonesia and Brazil."  In H. L.
Gholz, ed.,  AGROFORESTRY: REALITIES, POSSIBILITIES AND
POTENTIALS.  Dordrecht, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff.

-----.  1989.  "Land-use Strategies for Successful Extractive
Economies."  ADVANCES IN ECONOMIC BOTANY 9:67-78.

Anderson, A. B., ed.  1990.  ALTERNATIVES TO DEFORESTATION:
STEPS TOWARD SUSTAINABLE USE OF THE AMAZON RAIN FOREST.  New
York: Columbia University Press.

Anderson, A. B., and E. M. Ioris.  1992.  "The Logic of
Extraction: Resource Management and Income Generation by
Extractive Producers in the Amazon Estuary."  In K. H. Redford
and C. Padoch, eds., CONSERVATION OF NEOTROPICAL FORESTS.  New
York: Columbia University Press.

Arnold, J. E. M., M. E. Chipeta, and Y. Fisseha.  1987.  "The
Importance of Small Forest-based Processing Enterprises in
Developing Countries."  UNASYLVA 39(3&4):8-16.

Arnold, J. E. M., and P. A. Dewees, eds.  (forthcoming).  TREE
MANAGEMENT IN FARMER STRATEGIES: RESPONSES TO AGRICULTURAL
INTENSIFICATION.  Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University
Press.

Asante, E. O., K. A. Tutu, S. A. Brempong, S. M. Ntim, and B.
Osei.  1991.  PROTECTION OF THE FORESTRY INDUSTRY.  Ministry
of Lands and Natural Resources Technical Report.  Accra,
Ghana.

Ascher, W., and R. G. Healy.  1990.  NATURAL RESOURCES POLICY-
MAKING IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: ENVIRONMENT, ECONOMIC GROWTH
AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION.  Durham, North Carolina and London,
United Kingdom: Duke University Press.  

Ato, V. A.  1987.  "Charcoal Production and Marketing Scheme:
The Case of Pagkalinawan, Jalajala, Rizal."  Learning Site
Series, Social Forestry 6.  University of the Philippines,
College of Forestry, Department of Social Forestry, Social
Forestry Program, Los Ba$os, Philippines.   

Ave, W.  1986.  "The Use of Rattan by a Semai Community in
West Malaysia."  PRINCIPES 30(4):143-150.

Bailey, R. C., M. Jenike, and R. Rechtman.  1991.  "The
Rain-forest Ecosystem as a Resource for Hunting and Gathering
- Reply."  AMERICAN ANTHROPOLOGIST 93(1):160-162.

Bajracharya, D., M. Banskota, E. Cecelski, and J. Denholm. 
1990.  WOMEN AND THE MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY, FORESTS AND OTHER
RESOURCES.   International Centre for Integrated Mountain
Development (ICIMOD), Mountain Population and Employment
Discussion Paper 3.  Kathmandu, Nepal.

Bale, W.  1988.  "Indigenous Adaptation to Amazonian Palm
Forests."  PRINCIPES 32(2):47-54.

Balick, M. J.  1984.  "Palms, People and Progress."  HORIZONS
3(4):32-37.

-----.  1985.  "Useful Plants of Amazonia: A Resource of
Global Importance."  In G. T. Prance and T. E. Lovejoy, eds.,
KEY ENVIRONMENTS: AMAZONIA.  Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon
Press.

-----.  1992.  "Assessing the Economic Value of Traditional
Medicines from Tropical Rain Forests."  CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
6(1):128-130.

Barker, K., P. Boateng, and A. Moreno.  1991.  TIMBER AND WOOD
PRODUCTS SECTION OF EXPORT DIVERSIFICATION IN GHANA. 
Washington, D.C.: U.S. Agency for International Development.

Basu, R., and T. G. Johnson.  1988.  CONTRIBUTION OF FORESTRY
TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO EMPLOYMENT
AND INCOME IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY. 
Southeastern Center for Forest Economics Research, Forestry
Private Enterprise Initiative (FPEI) Working Paper 31.
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.  

Bates, D. M.  1985.  "Plant Utilisation: Patterns and
Prospects."  ECONOMIC BOTANY 39:241-265.

Bertrand, A.  1985.  "Marketing Networks for Forest Fuels to
Supply Urban Centers in the Sahel." RURAL-AFRICANA
23/24:33-47.

Boomgard, J. J.  1983.  "The Economics of Small-scale
Furniture Production and Distribution in Thailand."  Ph.D.
diss., Michigan State University, Department of Agricultural
Economics, East Lansing, Michigan.  

Boomgard, J. J., S. P. Davies, S. J. Haggblade, and D. C.
Mead.  1991.  A SUBSECTOR APPROACH TO SMALL ENTERPRISE
PROMOTION AND RESEARCH.  Growth and Equity through
Microenterprise Investments and Institutions (GEMINI) Project
Working Paper 10.  Bethesda, Maryland.

Bray, D. B.  1991.  "The Struggle for the Forest. 
Conservation and Development in the Sierra Ju rez." 
GRASSROOTS DEVELOPMENT 15(3):13-25. 

Browder, J. O.  1990.  "Social and Economic Constraints on the
Development of Market-oriented Extractive Reserves in Amazon
Rain Forests."  ADVANCES IN ECONOMIC BOTANY 9:33-42.

-----.  1992.  "The Limits of Extractivism: Tropical Forest
Strategies Beyond Extractive Reserves."  BIOSCIENCE 42(3):174-
182.

Burman, J. J. R.  1990.  "A Need for Reappraisal of Minor
Forest Produce Policies."  INDIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK
51(4):649-658.

Butler, J. R.  1992.  "Non-timber Forest Product Extraction in
Amazonia: Lessons from Development Organizations."  ADVANCES
IN ECONOMIC BOTANY 9:87-100.

Campbell, B. M.  1987.  "The Use of Wild Fruits in Zimbabwe." 
ECONOMIC BOTANY 41(3):375-385.

Campbell, J. Y., ed.  1991a.  CASE STUDIES IN FOREST-BASED
SMALL-SCALE ENTERPRISES IN ASIA.  RATTAN, MATCHMAKING AND
HANDICRAFTS.  Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the
United Nations, Forests, Trees and People, Community Forestry
Case Study 4.   Bangkok, Thailand.  

-----.  1991b.  WOMEN'S ROLE IN DYNAMIC FOREST-BASED SMALL-
SCALE ENTERPRISES.  Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
of the United Nations, Forests, Trees and People, Community
Forestry Case Study 3.  Bangkok, Thailand.

Chetty, N. V. R.  1983.  "Forest-based Small-scale and Rural
Industries with Particular Reference to Linkages with Social
Forestry Programmes."  MYFOREST 19(4):239-256.

Chin, S. C.  1986.  "Traditional Uses of Forest Products." 
Paper prepared for the workshop Advances in Tropical Forest
Ecological Research and Relevance to the Management of Forest
Resources in Southeast Asia.  United Nations Educational,
Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) - Man and
Biosphere Program (MAB), Kepong, Malaysia.

Chipeta, M. E., comp.  1986.  "Case 1: Republic of Korea
(1958-1982)."  CASE STUDIES ON CHANGES IN SIGNIFICANCE AND
CHARACTERISTICS OF SMALL-SCALE FOREST-BASED PROCESSING
ENTERPRISES DURING ECONOMIC GROWTH.  Policy and Planning
Service, Forestry Department.  Rome, Italy: Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 

Clay, J. W.  1988.  "Indigenous Peoples and Tropical Forests. 
Models of Land Use and Management from Latin America." 
CULTURAL SURVIVAL REPORT 27.

Colchester, M.  1989.  "Indian Development in Amazonia: Risks
and Strategies."  ECOLOGIST 19(6):249-254.

Colfer, C.  1983.  "Change and Indigenous Agroforestry in East
Kalimantan."  BORNEO RESEARCH BULLETIN 15(2):70.

Colinvaux, P. A., and M. B. Bush.  1991. "The Rain-forest
Ecosystem as a Resource for Hunting and Gathering."  AMERICAN
ANTHROPOLOGIST 93(1):153-160.

Conelly, W. T.  1985.  "Copal and Rattan Collecting in the
Philippines."  ECONOMIC BOTANY 39(1):39-46.

Cortes, M., A. Berry, and A. Ishaq.  1987.  SUCCESS IN SMALL-
AND MEDIUM-SCALE ENTERPRISES.  THE EVIDENCE FROM COLOMBIA. 
Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.

Croll, E., and D. Parkin, eds.  1992.  BUSH BASE: FOREST FARM. 
CULTURE, ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT.  London, United Kingdom:
Routledge.

Cunningham, A. B.  1991a.  "Commercial Craftwork: Balancing
out Human Needs and Resources." SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF
BOTANY 53:259-266.

-----.  1991b.  "Development of a Conservation Policy on
Commercially Exploited Medicinal Plants: A Case Study from
Southern Africa."  In O. Akerele, V. Heywood, and H. Synge,
eds.,  CONSERVATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS.  Cambridge, United
Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

-----.  1991c.  "Indigenous Knowledge and Biodiversity." 
CULTURAL SURVIVAL QUARTERLY 15(3):4-8.

Cunningham, A. B., and S. J. Milton.  1987.  "Effects of
Basket Weaving Industry on Mokola Palm and Dye Plants in
Northwestern Botswana."  ECONOMIC BOTANY 41(3):386-402.

Davies, A. G., and P. Richards.  1991.  "Rain Forest in Mende
Life: Resources and Subsistence Strategies in Rural
Communities Around the Gola North Forest Reserve (Sierra
Leone)."  Report to the Economic and Social Committee for
Overseas Research (ESCOR), Overseas Development Administration
(ODA), London, United Kingdom.

Dawson. J.  1988.  "Small-scale Industry Development in Ghana:
A Case Study of Kumasi."  Paper prepared for the Economic and
Social Committee for Overseas Research (ESCOR).  Overseas
Development Administration (ODA),  London, United Kingdom.

de Beer, J. H., and M. J. McDermott.  1989.  THE ECONOMIC
VALUE OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, WITH
EMPHASIS ON INDONESIA, MALAYSIA AND THAILAND.  Amsterdam,
Netherlands: Committee for International Union for the
Conservation of Nature (IUCN). 

Dei, G. J. S.  1989.  "Hunting and Gathering in a Ghanaian
Rain Forest Community."  ECOLOGY OF FOOD AND NUTRITION
22(3):225-243.

Dransfield, J.  1988.  "Prospect for Rattan Cultivation." 
ADVANCES IN ECONOMIC BOTANY 6:190-200.

Dufour, D. L.  1990.  "Use of Tropical Rainforest by Native
Amazonians."  BIOSCIENCE 40(9):652-659.

Dunham, D.  1991.  AGRICULTURAL GROWTH AND RURAL INDUSTRY:
SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE RURAL GROWTH LINKAGES DEBATE. 
Institute of Social Studies (ISS) Working Paper 114.  The
Hague, Netherlands. 

Elleithy, A.  1992.  "Economies of Scale and Small Firms in
Developing Countries: Theoretical and Empirical Issues." 
JOURNAL OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT 4(4):463-476.

Ellenbroek, W. E.  1988a.  "Characteristics of Wood-selling
Farmers in the Gunung Kidul District (Central Java,
Indonesia)."  Communications 2.  Fakultas Kehutanan
Universitas Gadjah Mada, Forestry/Nature Conservation Project,
Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.  

-----.  1988b.  THE WOOD MARKETING SYSTEM IN GUNUNG KIDUL,
CENTRAL JAVA, INDONESIA.  Fakultas Kehutanan Universitas
Gadjah Mada, Forestry/Nature Conservation Project
Communications 7.  Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.

Evans, H. E., and P. Ngan.  1991.  "Rural-urban Relations:
Household Income Diversification and Agricultural
Productivity."  DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE 22:519-45.

Falconer, J.  1990.  THE MAJOR SIGNIFICANCE OF "MINOR" FOREST
PRODUCTS:  THE LOCAL USE AND VALUE OF FORESTS IN THE WEST
AFRICAN HUMID FOREST ZONE.  Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO) of the United Nations, Forests, Trees and People,
Community Forestry Note 6.  Rome, Italy.

-----.  1991.  "People's Uses and Trade in Nontimber Forest
Products in Southern Ghana: A Pilot Study."  Draft Working
Paper.  Ghana Forestry Department/Overseas Development Ad-
ministration (ODA), Forest Resources Management Project,
Ghana/United Kingdom.

Falconer, J., and J. E. M. Arnold.  1989.  HOUSEHOLD FOOD
SECURITY AND FORESTRY: AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES.  
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations,
Forests, Trees and People, Community Forestry Note 1.  Rome,
Italy.

Fearnside, P. M.  1989.  "Extractive Reserves in Brazilian
Amazonia."  BIOSCIENCE 39(6):387-393.

Fernandes, W.  1987.  TRIBAL WOMEN AND FOREST ECONOMY. 
DEFORESTATION, EXPLOITATION AND STATUS CHANGE.  Indian Social
Institute, Tribes of India Series 1.  New Delhi, India. 

-----.  1990.  "Forest Policy A Solution to Tribal
Deprivation."  INDIAN JOURNAL OF SOCIAL WORK 51(1):35-56.

Fernandes, W., G. Menon, and P. Viegas.  1988.  FORESTS,
ENVIRONMENT AND TRIBAL ECONOMY. DEFORESTATION, IMPOVERISHMENT
AND MARGINALISATION IN ORISSA.  Indian Social Institute,
Tribes of India Series 2.  New Delhi, India. 

Fisseha, Y.  1987.  "Basic Features of Rural Small-scale
Forest-based Processing Enterprises in Developing Countries." 
In SMALL-SCALE FOREST-BASED PROCESSING ENTERPRISES.  Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations Forestry
Paper 79.  Rome, Italy. 

Fisseha, Y., and J. Milimo.  1986.  RURAL SMALL-SCALE FOREST-
BASED PROCESSING ENTERPRISES IN ZAMBIA: REPORT OF A 1985 PILOT
SURVEY.  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United
Nations, FO:MISC/86/15.  Rome, Italy.  

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations. 
1987a.  FOREST-BASED RURAL ENTERPRISES: PAKISTAN.  Bangkok,
Thailand: Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific (RAPA).

-----.  1987b.  SMALL-SCALE FOREST-BASED PROCESSING
ENTERPRISES.  Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Forestry
Paper 79.  Rome, Italy.

Fuwape, J. F.  1992.  "Contributions of Forest Industries to
Rural Community Development in Nigeria."  JOURNAL OF WORLD
FOREST RESOURCE MANAGEMENT 6(1):41-48.

Gianno, R.  1986a.  "The Exploitation of Resinous Products in
a Lowland Malayan Forest."  WALLACEANA 43:3-6.

Gianno, R.  1986b.  "Resin Classification among the Semelai of
Tasek Bera, Puhang, Malaysia."  ECONOMIC BOTANY 40(2):186-200.

Godoy, R. A.  1990.  "The Economics of Traditional Rattan
Cultivation."  AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 12:163-172.

Godoy, R. A., N. L. V. Brokaw, and D. Wilkie.  1992.  "The
Effects of Economic Development on the Extraction of Non-
timber Tropical Forest Products: Hypotheses, Methods and
Information Requirements."  Draft report.  Harvard University,
Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge,
Massachusetts.

Godoy, R. A., and T. C. Feaw.  1989.  THE PROFITABILITY OF
SMALLHOLDER RATTAN CULTIVATION IN SOUTHERN BORNEO, INDONESIA. 
Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University, Harvard
Institute for International Development. 

-----.  1990.  "Agricultural Diversification among Smallholder
Rattan Cultivators in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia." 
AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS 13:27-40.

Goldsmith, P.  1988.  "The Production and Marketing of Miraa
in Kenya."  In R. Cohen, ed., SATISFYING AFRICA'S FOOD NEEDS:
FOOD PRODUCTION AND COMMERCIALIZATION IN AFRICAN AGRICULTURE. 
Carter Studies on Africa.  Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner
Publishers Inc. 

Gosses, A., K. Molenaar, Q. Sluijs, and R. Teszler eds.  1989. 
SMALL ENTERPRISES, NEW APPROACHES: PROCEEDINGS OF THE WORKSHOP
"SMALL ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT IN SEARCH OF NEW DUTCH
APPROACHES" THE HAGUE, 6TH AND 7TH MARCH 1989.  The Hague,
Netherlands: Operations Review Unit, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, Operations Review Unit.

Gupta, T., and A. Guleria.  1982.  SOME ECONOMIC AND
MANAGEMENT ASPECTS OF A NON-WOOD FOREST PRODUCT IN INDIA:
TENDU LEAVES.  Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University
Press. 

Guzman-Rivas, P.  1984.  "Coconut and Other Palm Use in Mexico
and the Philippines."  PRINCIPES 28(1):20-30.

Hadi, S.  1991.  "Forest-based Handicrafts in Indonesia."  In
Campbell, J. Y., ed., CASE STUDIES IN FOREST-BASED SMALL-SCALE
ENTERPRISES IN ASIA.  RATTAN, MATCHMAKING AND HANDICRAFTS. 
Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) of the United
Nations, Forests, Trees and People, Community Forestry Case
Study 4.  Bangkok, Thailand. 

Haggblade, S., and P. B. Hazell.  1989.  "Agricultural
Technology and Farm-nonfarm Linkages."  AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS
3:345-364.

Haggblade, S., P. B. Hazell, and J. Brown.  1988.  FARM-
NONFARM LINKAGES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA.  Policy, Planning and
Research Working Paper 6.  Agriculture and Rural Development
(ARD), World Bank, Washington, D.C. 

Haggblade, S., and C. Liedholm.  1991.  AGRICULTURE, RURAL
LABOR MARKETS, AND EVOLUTION OF THE RURAL NON-FARM ECONOMY. 
Growth and Equity through Microenterprise Investments and
Institutions (GEMINI) Project Working Paper 19.  Bethesda,
Maryland.

Haggblade, S., C. Liedholm, and D. C. Mead.  1986.  THE EFFECT
OF POLICY AND POLICY REFORMS ON NON-AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
AND EMPLOYMENT IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES: A REVIEW OF PAST
EXPERIENCES.  Harvard Institute for International Development,
Employment and Enterprise Policy Analysis Discussion Paper 1. 
Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Hames, R. B.  1987.  "Game Conservation or Efficient Hunting?" 
In B. J. MacCay and J. H. Acheson, eds., THE QUESTION OF THE
COMMONS. THE CULTURE AND ECOLOGY OF COMMUNAL RESOURCES. 
Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press.

Hanson, J. H.  1992.  "Extractive Economies in a Historical
Perspective: Gum Arabic in West Africa."  ADVANCES IN ECONOMIC
BOTANY 9:107-114.

Harvard University.  1989.  MARKETING NON-TIMBER TROPICAL
FOREST PRODUCTS: PROSPECTS AND PROMISE.  A WORKSHOP REPORT. 
Report prepared by the Consultative Group on Biological
Diversity in cooperation with Cultural Survival, Inc. 
Cambridge, Massachusetts.  

Havnevik, K.  1980.  ANALYSIS OF RURAL PRODUCTION AND INCOMES,
RUFIJI DISTRICT, TANZANIA.  Institute of Resource Assessment
Research Paper 3 and Development Research and Action Programme
(DERAP) publication 152.  Institute of Resource Assessment
(IRA), University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and Chr.
Michelsen Institute, Bergen, Norway. 

Healey, C.  1990.  MARING HUNTERS AND TRADERS: PRODUCTION AND
EXCHANGE IN THE PAPUA NEW GUINEA HIGHLANDS.  Studies in
Melanesian Anthropology 8.  Berkeley, California: University
of California Press.

Hecht, S. B.  1985.  "Environment, Development and Politics:
Capital Accumulation and the Livestock Sector in Eastern
Amazonia."  WORLD DEVELOPMENT 13(6):663-684.

-----.  1992.  "Valuing Land Uses in Amazonia: Colonist
Agriculture, Cattle, and Petty Extraction in Comparative
Perspective."  In K. H. Redford and C. Padoch, eds.,
CONSERVATION OF NEOTROPICAL FORESTS.  New York: Columbia
University Press.

Hecht, S. B., A. B. Anderson, and P. H. May.  1989.  "The
Subsidy from Nature: Shifting Cultivation, Successional Palm
Forests, and Rural Development."  HUMAN ORGANIZATION 47(1):25-
35.

Hecht, S. B., and A. Cockburn.  1990.  THE FATE OF THE FOREST:
DEVELOPERS, DESTROYERS AND DEFENDERS OF THE AMAZON.  London,
United Kingdom: Penguin Books.

Henk, T.  1990.  LABOUR AND WORK IN SMALL-SCALE ENTERPRISES. 
Institute of Social Studies (ISS) Working Paper 79.  The
Hague, Netherlands. 

Homma, A. K. O.  1992.  "The Dynamics of Extraction in
Amazonia: A Historical Perspective." ADVANCES IN ECONOMIC
BOTANY 9:23-32.

Husain, A.  1988.  "Economic Aspects of Exploitation of
Medicinal Plants."  Paper presented at World Health
Organization (WHO)/International Union for the Conservation of
Nature (IUCN)/World Wildlife Fund (WWF) International
Consultation on the Conservation of Medicinal Plants, Chiang
Mai, Thailand.

Hyman, E. L.  1983.  "Analysis of the Woodfuels Market: A
Survey of Fuelwood Sellers and Charcoal Makers in the Province
of Ilocos Norte."  BIOMASS 3:167-197.

International Development Research Centre (IDRC).  1985. 
PROCEEDINGS OF THE RATTAN SEMINAR, 2ND - 4TH OCTOBER, 1984. 
KUALA LUMPUR, MALAYSIA.  Forest Research Institute of
Malaysia, The Rattan Information Centre, Kepong, Malaysia.    

-----.  1988.  PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL RATTAN
SEMINAR, NOVEMBER 12 - 14, 1987. CHIANG MAI,  THAILAND. 
Kasetsart University, Thailand and the International
Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, Canada.

-----.  1990.  OPTIONS FOR STRENGTHENING RESEARCH ON BAMBOO
AND RATTAN.  Ottawa, Canada.

International Labour Office (ILO) Forestry and Wood Industries
Committee.  1991.  TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES IN THE WOOD
INDUSTRIES WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON TRAINING NEEDS AND
EMPLOYMENT OPPORTUNITIES. Forestry and Wood Industries
Committee, Second session,  Report 2.  Geneva, Switzerland. 

Irvine, D.  1989.  "Succession Management and Resource
Distribution in an Amazonian Rain Forest."  ADVANCES IN
ECONOMIC BOTANY 7:223-237.

Isara, V.  1987.  RATTAN AS A MAIN MINOR FOREST PRODUCT OF
THAILAND.  A Group Training in Social Forestry Paper. 
Kasetsart University, Faculty of Forestry, Bangkok, Thailand. 

Islam, R., ed.  1987.  RURAL INDUSTRIALISATION AND EMPLOYMENT
IN ASIA.  New Delhi, India:  International Labour Organization
(ILO) and the Asian Regional Team for Employment Promotion
(ARTEP).  

-----.  1992.  TRANSFER, ADOPTION AND DIFFUSION OF TECHNOLOGY
FOR SMALL AND COTTAGE INDUSTRIES.  New Delhi, India:
International Labour Organisation (ILO) and the Asian Regional
Team for Employment Promotion (ARTEP)/World Employment
Programme. 

Jeanrenaud, S.  1991.  "A Study of Forest Use, Agricultural
Practices and Perceptions of the Rainforest: Etinde
Rainforest, South West Cameroon."  Prepared for U.K. Overseas
Development Administration (ODA), London, United Kingdom.

Jessup, T. C.  1983.  INTERACTIONS BETWEEN PEOPLE AND FOREST
IN THE APO KAYAN FOREST.  The 1979/1982 East Kalimantan Man
and Biosphere Project Final report.  Washington, D.C.: 
National Academy of Sciences.

Jessup, T. C., and N. L. Peluso.  1986.  "Minor Forest
Products as Common Property Resources in East Kalimantan,
Indonesia."  In Panel on Common Property, eds., COMMON
PROPERTY RESOURCES.  Washington, D.C.: National Academy of
Sciences. 

Jha, L. K., and K. N. Jha.  1985.  "Tassar Culture and its
Impact on Generation of Income and Employment."  MYFOREST
21(4):289-294.

Johnson, A.  1989.  "How the Machiguenga Manage Resources:
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